An overview of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management tactics

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared an international public health concern on January 30, 2020, in response to the idiopathic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the disease being identified as the third human Coronavirus, was discovered in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Coronavirus belongs to the Coronaviridae family, Coronavirinae subfamily which according to their genetic structures, are grouped into alphaCoronavirus (aCoV), betaCoronavirus (bCoV), gamma Corona¬virus (yCoV) and deltaCoronavirus (dCoV) of order Nidovirales. Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses invading a wide variety of host species. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to extensively. Angiotensin¬converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is imperative for Novel SARS-CoV-2 to enter host cells as a substrate receptor. With a high mortality rate in the elderly, immune-compromised, diabetic, and patients with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, COVID-19 is an extremely contagious disease. Patients who are afflicted experience fever, a nonproductive cough, lethargy, dyspnea, and occasionally diarrhoea as well as radiographic signs of pneumonia. A cytokine storm is a result of the immune system's aggressive response to a virus that has propagated inside the body. Genetic recombination and mutation are the main drivers of the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. Variants of concern (VOCs) are used to describe some variants having significant virulence and transmission rates, such as the Omicron variants now. RT-LAMP, RT- qPCR, and High-Resolution Computed Tomography, among other new cutting-edge techniques, are effective at diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Standard treatments involving compounds like Lopinavir/Ritonavir, paxlovid, and molnupiravir have shown to be efficacious to some extent against even the newly emerging strains when it comes to treatment approaches. Additionally, immunization is a crucial strategy for preventing the disease or lessening its impact. Live attenuated vaccines, DNA- and RNA-based vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and amplifying viral vector vaccines are among the molecular frameworks used in the production of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Comirnaty by Pfizer-BioNTech, SpikeVax by Moderna, and Vaxzevria by Oxford- AstraZeneca are three extensively incorporated and validated COVID-19 vaccines. In a similar vein, a variety of vaccinations have been created with varying degrees of potency against VOCs. Nanotechnology and artificial intelligence (AI) advancements may help in the provision of an effective and dependable remedy for the eradication of SARS-CoV-2. Definitive diagnosis, community engagements, and united scientific approaches have effectively addressed public health issues amid the pandemic. Although COVID-19 has presented a significant challenge to the healthcare system, it has also provided a chance for the development of novel and creative roles that could have significant effects on the healthcare system. This pandemic has highlighted the value of prompt diagnosis, the value of universal healthcare as well as the need for cutting-edge methods to contain pandemics around the world. © 2023 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved.

COVID-19 IMPACT ON HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM IN PERU: MODELLING TIME AND CATCH-UP RATES TO CLOSE THE IMMUNIZATION GAP

Intro Between 2020 and 2021, the school-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program was temporarily interrupted in Peru due to the COVID-19 pandemic. While immunization services resumed in March 2022, the efforts and time required for immunization services to catch-up girls who missed doses of HPV vaccine are unclear. We aimed to estimate the impact of the pandemic on the number of HPV doses administered and time needed to reverse to pre- pandemic coverage levels. Methods A previously published model (Saxena et al 2021) was adapted to the Peruvian context to quantify the deficit in HPV doses administered to Peruvian girls aged 9-13 years between 2020 and 2021. The model included the following periods: pre-pandemic, COVID-19 pandemic, transition period (linear increase until reach an assumed rate) and catch-up (rates higher than 2019). The monthly HPV vaccine doses were compared with 2019 levels. The model estimated the cumulative deficit in doses administered and the projected time and catch-up rates/number of doses required to close the 2020/2021 HPV immunization gap relative to 2019. Findings Based on administrative data, we estimated that a total of 430,000, 358,207, and 301,650 doses of HPV vaccine were administered to 9-13 years girls in Peru in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Annual doses decreased by 16.7% and 29.8% in 2020 and 2021 compared to 2019. Starting on October 2022 with a monthly catch-up rate of 5% (1,792 additional doses/month) and 10% (3,588 additional doses/month), the projected dose deficit was expected to be cleared in August 2025 and March 2024, respectively. Conclusion A marked disruption to HPV routine immunization occurred in 2020 and 2021 in Peru, with HPV vaccine coverage estimated to have fallen between 16.7-29.8%. The recovery to pre-pandemic coverage and catch-up of missed doses require a sustained increase in vaccination over multiple years to prevent HPV infection/disease in near and long term.

Retrospective analysis of the outcome of the anaesthetic procedures in COVID-19 parturient undergoing cesarean delivery in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India

Context: The effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on a parturient undergoing cesarean delivery (CD) is not fully understood. Aims: To evaluate anesthetic management of a COVID parturient undergoing CD. Settings and Design: Tertiary care hospital, retrospective analysis. Methodology: Hospital case record files of COVID-19 parturients who underwent CD were reviewed with respect to clinical presentation, anesthetic technique, peri-operative course, and maternal-fetal outcome. Data Analysis: Continuous variables are reported as mean +/- SD or median (range) and categorical variables as numbers (percentages). Results: Hundred COVID-19 parturients underwent CD: Ninety-eight parturients had asymptomatic to mild clinical presentation, whereas two had a severe presentation. Raised liver enzymes, raised D-dimer, and thrombocytopenia were observed in 65, 34, and 11 parturients, respectively. Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia (CSEA), subarachnoid block (SAB), and general anesthesia were administered in 72, 26, and 2 parturients, respectively. Meantime to administration of SAB and CSEA were 23.5 +/- 3.2 min and 28.4 +/- 2.8 min, respectively. Adequate block height for CD was achieved in all parturients. Post-spinal hypotension that responded promptly to fluids and vasopressors was reported in six parturients. Postoperatively, two parturients required intensive care unit (ICU) care with one maternal mortality. None of the neonates tested positive for COVID-19. Three neonates had a low Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration (APGAR) at 5 min with one neonatal mortality. Conclusions: Neuraxial anesthesia seems to be a safe and preferred anesthetic technique for CD in a COVID-19 parturient. The incidence of post-spinal hypotension is low and responds promptly to treatment. The course of neuraxial anesthesia and the neonatal outcome is unaffected by the COVID-19 status of the patient.

A Comparative Study of Work Life Balance in Engineering Consultancies in NCR during COVID-19

The paper determines the level of work life balance (WLB) while work from home and while attending the office regularly. The participants were same and they have to rate the Work Life Balance assuming themselves in both the situations. The two groups compared were male employees and female employees. The participants were taken randomly from four engineering consultancies in NCR (Jacobs Engineering, Tractebel Engineering, Bechtel India Pvt. Ltd. and Ercom Engineers Pvt. ltd.). 124 completed responses found to be completed. Further the study compares the mean values of Work Life Balance while work from home and regular office among male and female employees. The results reveal that the employees can maintain the WLB level well while work from home. The hypothesis testing results show that there is no significant difference among the male and female employees in the level of Work Life Balance while work from home and regular office. © 2022 University of Stockholm. All rights reserved.

Medication Decision for Cardiovascular Disease Through Fermatean Fuzzy Bipolar Soft Set

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading priority critical diseases due to its uncertainty especially it becomes more dangerous in presence of the current behavior of corona virus. To tackle or handle the uncertainties behavior, Fermatean Fuzzy Bipolar Soft Set (FFBSS) theory plays vital role in assisting the experts/specialists to take the proper decision well in time which is mathematical traceable. The CVD is the situation of affecting the normal functioning of the heart which is the result of the multi attributes irregular functionality. Thus, the paper proposed the medication decision process of CVD by the use of FFBSS. The FFBSS can deal with decision autonomy through the inclusion of the expertise, scenario based circumstances and the recovery rate of the patient with the assessment of the risk factors. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Impact of statistical intelligent analysis on corona virus disease

Statistical intelligence formulates the analysis model and reveals the system that can be easily visible and understandable to mankind. On one hand, it will benefit the society to predict the nature or man-created virus environment, and on the other hand, it will solve the problems of intelligent agents' formation with their functionality. It's a well-known fact that the agents are visible and noticeable, and they perform their own assigned task, but their recognition process is delayed. The chapter will focus on the statistical intelligence analysis that includes the properties of the error tolerance, forecasting, and high reliability. The information is always the part of the memory, but the processing methodology that may lead to knowledge is lacking. This may include the logical induction, Bayesian statistics, functional decision theory, value learning, forecasting, etc. Statistics will assist in path selection to formulate the highly adaptive intelligent system with the said functionalities with reduction in the overall cost factors. © 2022, IGI Global.

A Model for Secure Food through smart technologies - IOT

Food, is very essential in our Life. because without food humans can't survive. During the time of COVID-19 pandemic, it is extremely crucial to take precautions about the food we consume. During this pandemic, people around the world have become more and more cautious about food security. Keeping this in mind food safety and quality is one of the vital matters we observe throughout our lives. Internet of Things (IOT) is a domain that we can use anywhere to improve the quality by using different sensors used for tracking and tracing things. IOT with food supply chain (FSC) would elevate food standards. This paper explores more about IOT devices working to secure packet food and frozen food. This paper also discusses future scope about the same model. By this research, technology and information might be valuable for all the consumers to increase awareness in addition to knowledge. © 2022 IEEE.

1H, 13C, and 15N backbone chemical shift assignments of coronavirus-2 non-structural protein Nsp10.

The international Covid19-NMR consortium aims at the comprehensive spectroscopic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA elements and proteins and will provide NMR chemical shift assignments of the molecular components of this virus. The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes approximately 30 different proteins. Four of these proteins are involved in forming the viral envelope or in the packaging of the RNA genome and are therefore called structural proteins. The other proteins fulfill a variety of functions during the viral life cycle and comprise the so-called non-structural proteins (nsps). Here, we report the near-complete NMR resonance assignment for the backbone chemical shifts of the non-structural protein 10 (nsp10). Nsp10 is part of the viral replication-transcription complex (RTC). It aids in synthesizing and modifying the genomic and subgenomic RNAs. Via its interaction with nsp14, it ensures transcriptional fidelity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and through its stimulation of the methyltransferase activity of nsp16, it aids in synthesizing the RNA cap structures which protect the viral RNAs from being recognized by the innate immune system. Both of these functions can be potentially targeted by drugs. Our data will aid in performing additional NMR-based characterizations, and provide a basis for the identification of possible small molecule ligands interfering with nsp10 exerting its essential role in viral replication.

1H, 13C, and 15N backbone chemical shift assignments of the apo and the ADP-ribose bound forms of the macrodomain of SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 3b.

The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes for approximately 30 proteins. Within the international project COVID19-NMR, we distribute the spectroscopic analysis of the viral proteins and RNA. Here, we report NMR chemical shift assignments for the protein Nsp3b, a domain of Nsp3. The 217-kDa large Nsp3 protein contains multiple structurally independent, yet functionally related domains including the viral papain-like protease and Nsp3b, a macrodomain (MD). In general, the MDs of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV were suggested to play a key role in viral replication by modulating the immune response of the host. The MDs are structurally conserved. They most likely remove ADP-ribose, a common posttranslational modification, from protein side chains. This de-ADP ribosylating function has potentially evolved to protect the virus from the anti-viral ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs), which in turn are triggered by pathogen-associated sensing of the host immune system. This renders the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3b a highly relevant drug target in the viral replication process. We here report the near-complete NMR backbone resonance assignment (1H, 13C, 15N) of the putative Nsp3b MD in its apo form and in complex with ADP-ribose. Furthermore, we derive the secondary structure of Nsp3b in solution. In addition, 15N-relaxation data suggest an ordered, rigid core of the MD structure. These data will provide a basis for NMR investigations targeted at obtaining small-molecule inhibitors interfering with the catalytic activity of Nsp3b.